Experiencing a mental health problem is often upsetting and frightening, particularly at first. Please close this message, Therefore if this is okay with you. In reality, mental health problems are a typical human experience. For example, most people know someone who has experienced a mental health problem. Usually, they can happen to anyone, at any time. So it is an idea that is largely reinforced by sensationalised stories in the media. People think that there’s an automatic link between mental health problems and being a danger to others. I’m sure that the most common mental health problems have no significant link to violent behaviour. By the late Middle Ages, economic and political turmoil threatened the power of the Roman Catholic church.
With the Protestant Reformation having plunged Europe into religious strife, at the height of the witch hunts throughout the 15th through 17th centuries, two Dominican monks wrote the Malleus Maleficarum.
Between the 11th and 15th centuries, supernatural theories of mental disorders again dominated Europe, fueled by natural disasters like plagues and famines that lay people interpreted as brought about by the devil.
Superstition, astrology, and alchemy ok hold, and common treatments included prayer rites, relic touching, confessions, and atonement. Beginning in the 13th century the mentally ill, especially women, began to be persecuted as witches who were possessed. Examination of prehistoric skulls and cave art from as early as 6500 BC has identified surgical drilling of holes in skulls to treat head injuries and epilepsy as well as to allow evil spirits trapped within the skull to be released. Trephination is an example of the earliest supernatural explanation for mental illness. Then, around 2700 BC, Chinese medicine’s concept of complementary positive and negative bodily forces attributed mental illness to an imbalance between these forces.
Harmonious life that allowed for the proper balance of yin and yang and movement of vital air was essential, as such.
Hippocrates classified mental illness into one of four categories epilepsy, mania, melancholia, and brain fever and like other prominent physicians and philosophers of his time, he did not believe mental illness was shameful or that mentally ill individuals gonna be held accountable for their behavior.
Someone who was my be the necessary treatment. Dark yellow bile, blackish bile, and phlegm was responsible for physical and mental illness, while Greek physician Galen attempted to separate superstition and religion from medicine by systematizing the belief that a deficiency in or especially an excess of amid the four essential bodily fluids blood. On p of this, humorism remained a recurrent somatogenic theory up until the 19th century. Considering the above said. Mentally ill individuals were cared for in the premises by family members and the state shared no responsibility for their care.
Aided in clinical research, and allowed clinicians to be reimbursed by insurance companies for their services, it’s not without criticism, while the DSM has provided a necessary shared language for clinicians.
I know it’s also a medicalized categorical classification system that assumes disordered behavior does not differ in degree but in kind, as opposed to a dimensional classification system that would plot disordered behavior along a continuum.
These concerns appear to be relevant even in the DSM 5 version that came out in May of 2013. Basically, the DSM is depending on clinical and research findings from Western culture, primarily the United States. That said, whenever contributing to the continued concern of labeling and stigmatizing mentally ill individuals, that almost half of Americans will have a diagnosable disorder in their lifetime, the general number of diagnosable disorders has tripled since it was first published in 1952.
When these asylums became overcrowded and custodial in nature and could no longer provide the space nor attention necessary, moral treatment had to be abandoned in America in the second half of the 19th century.
Between 1840 and1880, she helped establish should be born with a genetic predisposition for a certain psychological disorder.
Much we need to reckon that we are above the treatments described above, or that the present is always the most enlightened time, let’s not forget that our thinking day continues to reflect identical underlying somatogenic and psychogenic theories of mental illness discussed throughout this cursory 9000year history.
Sociocultural factors similar to sociopolitical or economic unrest, poor living conditions, or problematic interpersonal relationships are also viewed as contributing factors.
European psychiatry in the late 18th century and throughout the 19th century, however, struggled between somatogenic and psychogenic explanations of mental illness, particularly hysteria, that caused physical symptoms just like blindness or paralysis without apparent physiological explanation.
James Braid, and Ambroise Auguste Liébault. While preventing their proper functioning or producing varied and sometimes painful symptoms, the uterus could become dislodged and attached to parts of the body like the liver or chest cavity. You can find some more info about this stuff here. Rather than to a wandering uterus, franz Anton Mesmer. Attributed hysterical symptoms to imbalances in an universal magnetic fluid found in individuals. Egyptians, and later the Greeks, on p of that employed a somatogenic treatment of strong smelling substances to guide the uterus back to its proper location.
Established in 1756 and 1773 the somatogenic theory of mental illness of the time promoted especially by the father of America psychiatry, Benjamin Rush, while America had asylums for the mentally ill similar to the Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia and the Williamsburg Hospital.
Instilling fear was believed to be an awesome method restore a disordered mind to reason, as such.
View of insanity at the time likened the mentally ill to animals who did not have the capacity to reason, could not control themselves, were capable of violence without provocation, did not have identical physical sensitivity to pain or temperature, and could live in miserable conditions without complaint, while inhumane by today’s standards. War and economic depression produced vast numbers of undesirables and these were separated from society and sent to these institutions. Now let me tell you something. Such institutions’ mission was to house and confine the mentally ill, the poor, the homeless, the unemployed, and the criminal. Governments became responsible for housing and feeding undesirables in exchange for their personal liberty, as confinement laws focused on protecting the public from the mentally ill. A well-known fact that is. Most inmates were institutionalized against their will, lived in filth and chained to walls, and were commonly exhibited to the public for a fee.
Modern treatments of mental illness are most associated with the establishment of hospitals and asylums beginning in the 16th century.
Treatments were similar to those for physical illnesses, mental illness was nonetheless viewed somatogenically.
Two of the most wellknown institutions. Mary of Bethlehem in London, known as Bedlam, and the Hôpital Général of Paris which included La Salpêtrière, La Pitié, and La Bicêtre began housing mentally ill patients in the mid16th and 17th centuries. By the 18th century, protests rose over the conditions under which the mentally ill lived, and the 18th and 19th centuries saw the growth of a more humanitarian view of mental illness. Actually, in 1785 Italian physician Vincenzo Chiarughi. Now let me tell you something. It was not until 1883 that German psychiatrist Emil Kräpelin suggestive of an underlying physiological cause, while diagnoses were recognized as far back as the Greeks.
Progress in the treatment of mental illness necessarily implies improvements in the diagnosis of mental illness.
Other clinicians also suggested popular classification systems but the need for a single, shared system paved the way for the American Psychiatric Association’s 1952 the first publication Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
Standardized diagnostic classification system with ‘agreed upon’ definitions of psychological disorders creates a shared language among mentalhealth providers and aids in clinical research. Now look, the evolution of mental illness, however, has not been linear or progressive but rather cyclical. In the past, uncommon behavior or behavior that deviated from the sociocultural norms and expectations of a specific culture and period is used as a way to silence or control certain individuals or groups. Besides, a behavior is considered normal or abnormal depends on the context surrounding the behavior and thus changes as a function of a particular time and culture Whether, or a behavior is considered. Just think for a moment. Less cultural relativist view of abnormal behavior has focused instead on whether behavior poses a threat to oneself or others or causes a lot pain and suffering that it interferes with one’s work responsibilities or with one’s relationships with family and friends.
References to mental illness can be found throughout history.
Treatment consisted of confessing sins and repenting, hebrews saw madness as punishment from God.
Physicians were also believed to be able to comfort and cure madness. Throughout classical antiquity we see a return to supernatural theories of demonic possession or godly displeasure to account for abnormal behavior that was beyond the person’s control. Temple attendance with religious healing ceremonies and incantations to the gods were employed to assist in the healing process. As a result, whenever providing the launching pad for the more than 400 different schools of psychotherapy found today, psychoanalysis was the dominant psychogenic treatment for mental illness in the course of the first half of the 20th century. Generally, their efficacy in treating mental illness is due to factors shared among most of the approaches, Negligible differences was found among all these approaches.a bunch of these schools cluster around broader behavioral, cognitive, cognitivebehavioral, psychodynamic, and clientcentered approaches to psychotherapy applied in individual, marital, family, or group formats. These revisions reflect an attempt to like health diagnoses outlined by the World Health Organization. Then the most recent version the ‘DSM 5’ has combined the first three axes and removed the last two.
Axis V provides a global assessment of the individual’s amount of functioning.
The DSM has undergone various revisions, and So it’s the 1980 DSM II version that began a multiaxial classification system that ok into account the entire individual rather than just the specific problem behavior.
Axes II and IV list any relevant medical conditions or psychosocial or environmental stressors. Axes I and I contain the clinical diagnoses, including mental retardation and personality disorders. Known the third part concludes with a brief description of the poser of diagnosis. That is interesting right? The first is a brief introduction to various criteria we use to define or distinguish between normality and abnormality.
With a special emphasis on the recurrence of three causal explanations for mental illness. Psychogenic factors. Largest part is a history of mental illness from the Stone Age to the 20th century.
This part briefly uches upon trephination, the Greek theory of hysteria within the context of the four bodily humors, witch hunts, asylums, moral treatment, mesmerism, catharsis, the mental hygiene movement, deinstitutionalization, community mental health services, and managed care.
Now this module is divided into three parts. They coexist as well as recycle over time. Now look, the theories, however, remain identical. For example, psychogenic theories focus on traumatic or stressful experiences, maladaptive learned associations and cognitions, or distorted perceptions. Etiological theories of mental illness determine the care and treatment mentally ill individuals receive. Their treatments will also differ, from exorcism to ‘blood letting’. Individual believed to be possessed by the devil could be viewed and treated differently from an individual believed to be suffering from an excess of dark yellow bile, as we will see below. Throughout history there are three general theories of the etiology of mental illness. Somatogenic theories identify disturbances in physical functioning resulting from either illness, genetic inheritance, or brain damage or imbalance.
